Bibliography
- Angold, Michael (1997). The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204. Longman. ISBN 0-582-29468-1.
- Haldon, John (2002). Byzantium – A History. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2343-6.
- Harris, Jonathan (2003). Byzantium and the Crusades. Hambledon and London. ISBN 1-85285-298-4.
- Alan Harvey, "Economic expansion in the Byzantine empire, 900–1200"
- John Haldon, "The Byzantine Wars"
- J.W. Birkenmeier, The Development of the Komnenian Army 1081–1180
- Magdalino, Paul, The empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143–1180
- Norwich, John Julius (1998). A Short History of Byzantium. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-025960-0.
- Runciman, Steven. The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
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