The debian Directory
The debian directory contains files used by dpkg-buildpackage to create both binary and source packages. Unlike RPM, which uses a single spec file for instructions, the Debian tools use an entire subdirectory with multiple files. Three files are required at minimum to correctly build a package — changelog, control and rules. A fourth file, copyright, is mandated by the Debian policy, but is a legal requirement rather than a technical one.
By design, all files in the debian directory are text files, most of which are human-readable and edited with a simple text editor.
Read more about this topic: Debian Build Toolchain
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