Four Death-Fold Domains
Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) CARD-containing proteins are found throughout the animal kingdom and may also be present in fungi, plants, and prokaryotes. CARD domains are present on several mammalian procaspases, and have functions in apoptosis, cytokine processing, immune defense, and NF-κB activation. In insects and nematodes, CARDs so far seem restricted to apoptotic proteins.
Death Domain (DD) DDs are found primarily in vertebrates (although they are also present in some other animals). DDs are contained on cytokine receptors in the TNF receptor family. DD proteins function in apoptosis and NF-κB signaling in mammals, but only NF-κB signaling Drosophila.
Death Effector Domain (DED) DEDs are present on caspases and are involved in caspase activation. DED-containing caspases function in death receptor-induced apoptosis in mammals, but differ in insects where they are involved in NF-κB signaling and antibacterial responses.
PYRIN PYRINS are the most recently discovered death-fold domain, and their functions and interactions have yet to be clearly elucidated.
Read more about this topic: Death Fold
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