Deans of The Sacred College of Cardinals
Each name is followed by years of birth and death, then comma-separated years of cardinalate and deanship. Two recent deans have chosen to retire before dying, while eight were elected Pope, Anastasius IV, Lucius III, Gregory IX, Alexander IV Alexander VI, Paul III, Paul IV and most recently Benedict XVI (Joseph Ratzinger, elected Pope in 2005, the first Dean to be so elevated since Pope Paul IV in 1555).
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O Mary, marry earth, sea, air and fire;
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