Theory
In March 2005, physicist George Chapline claimed that quantum mechanics makes it a "near certainty" that black holes do not exist and are instead dark-energy stars. The dark-energy star is a different concept than that of a gravastar.
Dark-energy stars were first proposed because in quantum physics, absolute time is required; however, in general relativity, an object falling towards a black hole would to an outside observer seem to have time pass infinitely slowly at the event horizon. The object itself would feel as if time flowed normally.
In order to reconcile quantum mechanics with black holes, Chapline theorized that a phase transition in the phase of space occurs at the event horizon. He based his ideas on the physics of superfluids. As a column of superfluid grows taller, at some point, density increases, slowing down the speed of sound, so that it approaches zero. However, at that point, quantum physics makes sound waves dissipate their energy into the superfluid, so that the zero sound speed condition is never encountered.
In the dark-energy star hypothesis, infalling matter approaching the event horizon decay into successively lighter particles. Nearing the event horizon, environmental effects accelerate proton decay. This may account for high energy cosmic ray sources and positron sources in the sky. When the matter falls through the event horizon, the energy equivalent of some or all of that matter is converted into dark energy. This negative pressure counteracts the mass the star gains, avoiding a singularity. The negative pressure also gives a very high number for the cosmological constant.
Furthermore, 'primordial' dark-energy stars could form by fluctuations of space-time itself, which is analogous to "blobs of liquid condensing spontaneously out of a cooling gas." This not only alters the understanding of black holes, but has the potential to explain the dark energy and dark matter, that are indirectly observed.
Read more about this topic: Dark-energy Star
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“A theory of the middle class: that it is not to be determined by its financial situation but rather by its relation to government. That is, one could shade down from an actual ruling or governing class to a class hopelessly out of relation to government, thinking of gov’t as beyond its control, of itself as wholly controlled by gov’t. Somewhere in between and in gradations is the group that has the sense that gov’t exists for it, and shapes its consciousness accordingly.”
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