Appendix
Over the centuries Bible Scholars have identified specific kingdoms as fulfillment of the symbols in the image as illustrated in the following table.
| Interpretations of the kingdoms of Daniel 2 by Biblical expositors from the 1st to 19th centuries |
| Interpretations of the kingdoms of Daniel 2 by Biblical Expositors of the Early Church Period: 100-457 AD |
| BPGR= Babylon - Media/Persia - Greece - Rome. = Implies... |
|
|
4 metals |
Feet/toes |
Stone Kgdm |
| Josephus |
c. 100 |
BPG |
|
Mess. Kgdm. |
| Yochanan ben Zakai |
1st cent. |
|
|
|
| Akiva ben Joseph |
d. 132 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Sibyllines |
3rd cent. |
BPGR |
|
|
| Hippolytus |
d. 238 |
BPGR |
10 Kgdms |
2nd Adv. |
| Tertullian |
c. 240 |
|
10 Kgdms |
2nd Adv. |
| Origen |
c. 254 |
[Allegorizes |
all |
Prophecies] |
| Cyprian |
c. 258 |
|
|
Nearing |
| Irenaeus |
c. 292 |
BPGR |
10-fold div. |
After div. |
| Porphyry |
c. 304 |
[Not Prophecy |
but |
History] |
| Victorinus |
c. 304 |
|
|
|
| Lactantius |
c. 330 |
|
Divisions |
|
| Eusebius of Caesarea |
c. 340 |
BPGR |
10 Kgdms |
Kgdm. God |
| Aphrahat |
c. 350 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
at 2nd Adv. |
| Cyril of Alexandria |
w. 386 |
|
|
Etern. Kgdm. |
| John Chrysostom |
w. 407 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
Chr. Kgdm. |
| Sulpicius Severus |
c. 420 |
R |
Pres. Divis. |
Fut. Kgdm. |
| Jerome |
w. 420 |
BPGR |
Pres. Divis. |
After Destr. |
| Polychronius |
w. 430 |
BP-Alex. |
|
Alex. Succ. |
| Isidore of Pelusium |
w. 450 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Theodoret |
w. 457 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
at 2nd Adv. |
| Biblical Expositors of the Early Medieval Period: 400-1200 AD |
|
|
4 metals |
Feet/toes |
Stone Kgdm |
| Augustine |
d. 430 |
|
|
Cath. Ch. |
| Andreas Osiander |
7st Cent. |
|
Multi. Kgdms. |
|
| Sargis D'Aberga |
7st Cent. |
BPGR |
|
| Venerable Bede |
d. 735 |
|
|
Church |
| Berengaud |
9th Cent. |
R |
|
|
| Eliezer |
8-9th Cent. |
BPGR |
|
Mess. Kgdm. |
| Saadia |
d. 942 |
BPG-Gog |
|
|
| Jephet ibn Ali |
10th Cent. |
BPGR |
Rome & Arabs |
Mess. Kgdm. |
| Rashi |
d. 1105 |
B PGR |
Divisions |
Mess. Kgdm. |
| Abraham ibn Ezra |
d. 1167 |
BPG |
Rome & Ishm. |
Mess. Kgdm. |
| Peter Comestor |
d. 1178 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
Kgdm. of God |
| Joachim of Floris |
d. 1202 |
BPGR-Sar. |
Final Kgdm. |
Heavenly |
| Thomas Aquinas |
d. 1274 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Biblical Expositors of the Reformation Era: 1522-1614 AD |
|
|
4 metals |
Feet/toes |
Stone Kgdm |
| Martin Luther |
1522 |
BPGR |
Mod. Kgdms. |
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Johann Oecolampadius |
1530 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of God |
| Philipp Melanchthon |
1543 |
BPGR |
Mod. Kgdms. |
Messian Kgdm. |
| Georg Joye |
1545 |
R |
Divisions |
Everlasting |
| Hugh Latimer |
1553 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
|
| Virgil Solis |
1560 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Anglican Formulas |
c. 1563 |
|
|
Future Kgdm. |
| Nikolaus Selnecker |
1579 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Thomas Brightman |
1614 |
R |
|
|
| Biblical Expositors of the Post-Reformation Era—Europe: 1600-1800 AD |
|
|
4 metals |
|
Stone Kgdm |
| George Downham |
1603 |
R |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Hugh Broughton |
1607 |
BPG-Alex. Succ. |
|
|
| Joseph Mede |
1631 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| John Tillinghast |
1655 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Henry More |
1664 |
R |
|
|
| William Sherwin |
1670 |
R |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Thomas Beverly |
1684 |
|
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Pierre Jurieu |
1687 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Johannes Cocceius |
1701 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Heinrich Horch |
1712 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Matthew Henry |
1714 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Sir Isaac Newton |
1727 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| John Willison |
1745 |
|
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Thomas Newton |
1754 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Hans Wood |
1787 |
|
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| Christian G. Thube |
1789 |
BPGR |
|
Kgdm. of Chr. |
| James Ebenezer Bicheno |
1793 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Edward King |
1798 |
|
|
|
| Jean G. de la Flechere |
1800 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Biblical Expositors of the Post-Reformation Era—America: 1600-1800 AD |
|
|
4 metals |
Feet/Toes |
Stone Kgdm. |
| Anne Bradstreet |
1642 |
BPGR |
|
Future |
| Ephriam Huit |
1644 |
BPGR |
Church-State |
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Thomas Parker |
1646 |
BPGR |
Intermarriage |
Kgdm. of Saints |
| John Davenport |
1653 |
BPGR |
|
Christ |
| Samuel Hutchinson |
1667 |
BPGR |
|
2nd Advent |
| Increase Mather |
1669 |
BPGR |
|
Not Yet |
| Nicholas Noyes |
1698 |
BPGR |
|
God's Kgdm. |
| Cotton Mather |
1702 |
BPGR |
|
God.s Kgdm. |
| William Burnet |
1724 |
|
Div. Europe |
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Paul Dudley |
1731 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Jonathan Edwards |
1739 |
BPGR |
10 Kgdms. |
|
| David Imri |
1756 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Ezekiel Cheever |
1757 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Samuel Gatchel |
1781 |
|
|
|
| Benjamin Gale |
1788 |
BPGR |
Church-State |
God's Kgdm. |
| Samuel Hopkins |
1793 |
|
|
God's Kgdm. |
| Samuel Osgood |
1794 |
BPGR |
Present |
2nd Advent |
| David Austin |
1794 |
BPGR |
Church-State |
Soon |
| Joshua Spalding |
1796 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Biblical Expositors of the 19th Century Advent Awakening: 1800-1845 AD |
|
|
4 metals |
Feet/Toes |
Stone Kgdm. |
| Manuel Lacunza |
1799 |
4 Kgdms. |
Divided Europe |
Christ's Kgdm. |
| William Hales |
1803 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| George Stanley Faber |
1804 |
BPGR |
10 Divisions |
|
| Thomas Scott |
1805 |
BPGR |
Secular w/Eccl |
God's Kgdm. |
| Adam Clarke |
1810 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
God's Kgdm. |
| Samuel Toovey |
1813 |
BPGR |
|
God's Kgdm. |
| Captain Maitland |
1813 |
BPGR |
10 Divisions |
|
| William Cuninghame |
1813 |
BPGR |
|
|
| James H Frere |
1815 |
BPGR |
10 Divisions |
God's Kgdm. |
| Lewis Way |
1818 |
BPGR |
Divided Kgdms |
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Francis Mason (archdeacon) |
1820 |
BPGR |
|
God's Kgdm. |
| Jonathan Bayford |
1820 |
BPGR |
Divided Europe |
Messiah's Kgdm. |
| Joseph Wolff |
1822 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| John Fry |
1822 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
|
| Edward Cooper |
1825 |
BPGR |
|
God's Kgdm. |
| S. R. Maitland |
1826 |
BPGR |
Future |
Future |
| Edward Irving |
1826 |
BPGR |
|
God's Kgdm. |
| Edward T. Vaughan |
1828 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Thomas Keyworth |
1828 |
BPGR |
10 Kgdms. |
|
| Gerald T. Noel |
1828 |
BPGR |
10 Divisions |
God's Kgdm. |
| Alexander Keith |
1828 |
BPGR |
|
|
| Alfred Addis |
1829 |
BPGR |
Divided Europe |
God's Kgdm. |
| Jonathon Hooper |
1829 |
BPGR |
Western Kgdms. |
God's Kgdm. |
| William W. Pym |
1829 |
BPGR |
|
God's Kgdm. |
| Henry Drummond (1786–1860) |
1830 |
BPGR |
|
|
| William Jones |
1830 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
|
| Edward N. Hoare |
1830 |
BPGR |
10 Kgdms. |
2nd Advent |
| Samuel Lee (linguist) |
1830 |
Preterist |
|
|
| William Anderson |
1830 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| James Begg |
1831 |
BPGR |
Intermarriages |
God's Kgdm. |
| William Digby |
1831 |
BPGR |
|
|
| William Thorp |
1831 |
BPGR |
|
|
| John Cox |
1832 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Joseph d'A. Sirr |
1833 |
BPGR |
Divisions |
God's Kgdm. |
| Matthew Habershon |
1834 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Bp Dan Wilson |
1836 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| Edward Bickersteth |
1836 |
BPGR |
|
|
| François Samuel Robert Louis Gaussen |
1837 |
BPGR |
Church-State |
Christ's Kgdm. |
| J. H. Richter |
1839 |
BPGR |
Listed |
Christ's Kgdm. |
| James Henthorn Todd |
1840 |
Futurist |
|
|
| John Henry Newman |
1841 |
Futurist |
|
|
| Thomas Rawson Birks |
1843 |
BPGR |
Mingle |
|
| Jonathan Cumming |
1843 |
BPGR |
|
| William Miller |
1843 |
BPGR |
Divided Europe |
God's Kgdm. |
| E. B. Elliot |
1844 |
BPGR |
|
Christ's Kgdm. |
| James A. Wylie |
1844 |
BPGR |
Divided Europe |
God's Kgdm. |
| Joseph Baylee |
1845 |
BPGR |
Divided Europe |
Christ's Kgdm. |
|