Transgressives
The transgressive (přechodník) expresses an action which happens coincidently with or foregoing some other action.
The transgressive (přechodník) is an archaic form of the verb in the Czech and Slovak languages. Nowadays, it is used only occasionally for artistic purposes or in unchanging expressions. Transgressives were still used quite widely in Czech literature in the beginning of the 20th century (not in the spoken language). For example, Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk contains a lot of them.
The Czech language recognizes present and past transgressives. The present transgressive can express present or future action according to an aspect of the verb, which it is derived from. The past transgressive is usually derived from perfective verbs.
| masculine | feminine + neuter |
plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| present transgressive |
–e –a |
–íc –ouc |
–íce –ouce |
| past transgressive |
–v –Ø |
–vši –ši |
–vše –še |
Examples:
- Usednuvši u okna, začala plakat. (Having sat down at a window, she began to cry.) – past transgressive (foregoing action)
- Děti, vidouce babičku, vyběhly ven. (The children, seeing grandma, ran out.) – present transgressive (coincident action/process)
Read more about this topic: Czech Conjugation