Description of The Process
Let us consider the case of interaction of two perpendicularly polarized waves in nonlinear media with cubic nonlinearity . The equations describing the self phase modulation of the fundamental wave A and the generation of new wave perpendicularly polarized wave B in condition that |B| << |A| (i.e. when the depletion of the fundamental wave is neglected, self and cross phase modulation of wave B) can be written in following form:
- ,
- ,
where and are coefficients that depend on (i) the orientation of the sample with respect to the crystal axes (see for the expressions for two popular orientations: Z-cut and for holographic cut); (ii) the component and (iii) anisotropy of tensor.
The solution of this simplified system with initial conditions А(0)=А0 and B (0) = 0 is:
- ,
- ,
where L is the length of the nonlinear media. In case of CW pump, the efficiency, that is defined as ratio of XPW intensity Iout at the output of the nonlinear media to the intensity of the input wave Iin can be described by sin2 function of input intensity × length product:
(1) .
If self phase modulation is relatively small then:
(2) .
The last expression (2) indicates that when nonlinear phase shift of the fundamental wave is relatively small the efficiency grows as square of input intensity. The increase of the nonlinear phase shift above 3 prevents the coherent growing of XPW signal and leads in principle to periodical dependence of the efficiency as a function of input intensity. The use of two crystal scheme allows this problem to be overcome.
Accounting the temporal and spatial shapes leads to reduction of the predicted by expression (1) efficiency. This is illustrated on Fig. 2 where the exact solution with all processes accompanying the effect of generation of XPW taken into account is given. The maximum XPW efficiency obtained with single crystal scheme approaches 12% for Gaussian in space and in time, while for top-hat spatial profile and Gaussian in time the maximum achieved efficiency is 29%. This behavior is direct consequence of the nonlinearity of the process. Typical experimental results for generation of XPW in BaF2 crystal are shown in Fig. 3. It is seen the efficiency of XPW process in single crystal scheme saturates close to 10%, while with two crystal scheme one can achieve 20–30% efficiency for XPW generation .
The effect of XPW generation is finding application for enhancement of the temporal contrast of femtosecond pulses and for their monitoring and control. The approach of XPW generation for cleaning femtosecond pulses will be used in the Extreme Light Infrastructure European project.
Read more about this topic: Cross-polarized Wave Generation
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