A crankcase ventilation system is a way for gases to escape in a controlled manner from the crankcase of an internal combustion engine.
This is necessary because internal combustion inevitably involves a small but continual amount of blow-by, which occurs when some of the gases from the combustion leak past the piston rings (that is, blow by them) to end up inside the crankcase.
Read more about Crankcase Ventilation System: Early Provisions, Road Draft Tube, Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV), Components and Details, Alternatives
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