Copland (operating System)

Copland (operating System)

Copland was a project at Apple Computer to create an updated version of the Macintosh operating system. It was to have introduced protected memory, preemptive multitasking and a number of new underlying operating system features, yet still be compatible with existing Mac software. Development began in 1994 and was underway in earnest by 1995, when the system started to be referred to as System 8 or Mac OS 8. (This designation was later transferred to a major upgrade of System 7, also known as Mac OS 8.) Throughout, Apple also referred to a follow-on system code named Gershwin, which would follow Copland and add advanced features deliberately left out of Copland.

During development the system accrued new features at a rapid pace. Many of the features originally intended to be parts of Gershwin were folded into Copland, along with a wide variety of otherwise unrelated projects from within the company. The completion date continued to slip into the future, and several key dates passed with no sign of a release. In 1996, Apple's newest CEO, Gil Amelio, hired Ellen Hancock away from National Semiconductor and put her in charge of engineering in an effort to try to get development back on track. Instead, she decided it was best to cancel the project outright and try to find a suitable third-party system to replace it. Development officially ended in August 1996, and after a short search they announced that Apple was buying NeXT in order to use their NeXTSTEP operating system as the basis of a new Mac OS.

Hancock also suggested that Apple should work on improving the existing System 7 while the new system matured. This process would eventually lead to the release of an unrelated operating system using the name Mac OS 8. The new operating system based on NeXTSTEP shipped in 2001 as Mac OS X.

In 2008, PCWorld magazine named Copland to a list of the biggest project failures in IT history.