Consonant Mutation - Fula

Fula

Consonant mutation is a prominent feature of the Fula language. The Gombe dialect spoken in Nigeria, for example, shows mutation triggered by declension class. The mutation grades are fortition and prenasalization:

Radical Fortition Prenasalization
f p p
s ʃ ʃ
h k k
w b mb
r d nd
j dʒ, ɡ ɲdʒ, ŋɡ
ɣ ɡ ŋɡ

For example, the stems rim- 'free man' and 'person' have the following forms:

  • (class 2), dimo (class 1), ndimon (class 6)
  • (class 2), gimɗo (class 1), ŋgimkon (class 6)

Read more about this topic:  Consonant Mutation