Kolkata has a Tropical wet-and-dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The annual mean temperature is 24.8 °C (80 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 15 °C to 30 °C (59 °F to 86 °F). Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30's and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C (48.2 °F – 51.8 °F) between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (113 °F) and the lowest is 3 °C (37.4 °F). Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm and heavy rains lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal baisakhi (কালবৈশাখী, Nor'westers).
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon lash the city between June and September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm (62.3 inches). The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August (306 mm). The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine per annum, with the maximum sunlight occurring in March. Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata, and the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) level is high when compared to other major cities of India, leading to regular smog and haze. Severe air pollution in the city has caused rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments such as lung cancer.
| Climate data for Kolkata (1971–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.6 (90.7) |
36.4 (97.5) |
39.4 (102.9) |
41.5 (106.7) |
43.3 (109.9) |
43.0 (109.4) |
39.7 (103.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.3 (95.5) |
34.3 (93.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
43.3 (109.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
33.5 (92.3) |
35.3 (95.5) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
32.3 (90.1) |
30.3 (86.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.93 (80.48) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.6 (67.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 11 (0.43) |
30 (1.18) |
35 (1.38) |
60 (2.36) |
142 (5.59) |
288 (11.34) |
411 (16.18) |
349 (13.74) |
288 (11.34) |
143 (5.63) |
26 (1.02) |
17 (0.67) |
1,800 (70.87) |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.2 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 8.7 | 14.7 | 20.5 | 20.2 | 15.7 | 8.1 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 101.5 |
| % humidity | 66 | 58 | 58 | 66 | 70 | 77 | 83 | 83 | 81 | 73 | 67 | 68 | 70.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 204.6 | 203.4 | 226.3 | 234.0 | 226.3 | 123.0 | 93.0 | 105.4 | 117.0 | 182.9 | 192.0 | 204.6 | 2,112.5 |
| Source: Hong Kong Observatory, NOAA (extremes, mean, humidity, 1971-1990) | |||||||||||||
Famous quotes containing the words climate of and/or climate:
“Climate of Egypt in winter is the reign of spring upon earth, & summer in the air, and tranquility in the heat.”
—Herman Melville (1819–1891)
“Then climate is a great impediment to idle persons; we often resolve to give up the care of the weather, but still we regard the clouds and the rain.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)