Jainism
During the each motion of the half-cycle of the wheel of time, 63 Śalākāpuruṣa or 63 illustrious men, consisting of the 24 Tīrthaṅkaras and their contemporaries regularly appear. The Jain universal or legendary history is basically a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious men. As per Jain cosmology, out of these 63, twelve are Chakravartins, who are Universal Monarch or World Conquerors. The Jaina Puranas give a list of twelve such Cakravartins who flourished in this Avasarpini. Golden in complexion, they all belonged to the Kasyapa gotra. The mother of a Cakravartin sees some dreams at the time of conception. According to the Adipurana, Bharata's mother saw the sun and the moon, the mount Meru, the lake with swans, earth and the ocean. According to Acharya Hemachandra, Marudevi, mother of Bharata, sees fourteen great dreams. A chakravartin is considered an ideal human being endowed with thirty-two major signs of excellence and many minor signs of excellence.
The list of 12 Chakravartins as per Jainism is as follows:
- Bharata, son of Tirthankara Rishabha
- Sagara, ancestor of Bhagiratha as in the Puranas
- Maghavan
- Sanatkumara
- Tirthankara Shantinath
- Tirthankara Kunthunath
- Tirthankara Aranath
- Subhauma
- Padmanabha
- Harishena
- Jayasena
- Brahmadatt
In Jainism, a chakravartin was characterized by possession of saptaratna, or "seven jewels":
- chakram
- queen
- chariot
- jewel
- wealth
- horse
- elephant
Some lists cite navaratna or "nine jewels" instead, adding "prime minister" and "son".
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