Cavalcanti is an Italian surname, also common in Brazil where it is used by people of ancient Italian origin. In Italy and Brazil the variant Cavalcante is also used. The family came to Brazil in 1560. It may refer to:
- Alberto Cavalcanti (1897-1982), Brazilian film director
- Andrea Cavalcanti, a fictional character in The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas
- Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti (died c. 1280), Florentine philosopher, father of Guido Cavalicanti
- Emiliano Di Cavalcanti (1897-1976), Brazilian painter
- Giovanni Cavalcanti (chronicler) (1381-c.1451), Florentine chronicler
- Giovanni Cavalcanti (poet) (1444-1509), Florentine poet
- Guido Cavalcanti (c. 1255-1300), Italian poet
- Severino Cavalcanti (born 1930), Brazilian politician
- Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti (1850-1930), first Latin American Cardinal
- Marcio Cavalcanti (born 1981), Brazilian photographer
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