Bimetric Theory - Explanation

Explanation

In general relativity (GR), it is assumed that the distance between two points in spacetime is given by the metric tensor. Einstein's field equation is then used to calculate the form of the metric based on the distribution of energy and momentum.

Rosen (1940) has proposed at each point of space-time, a Euclidean metric tensor in addition to the Riemannian metric tensor . Thus at each point of space-time there are two metrics:

1.~~~~ds^{2}=g_{ij}dx^{i}dx^{j}
2.~~~~d\sigma^{2}=\gamma_{ij} dx^{i} dx^{j}

The first metric tensor, describes the geometry of space-time and thus the gravitational field. The second metric tensor, refers to the flat space-time and describes the inertial forces. The Christoffel symbols formed from and are denoted by and respectively. The quantities are defined such that

\Delta^{i}_{jk}=\{^{i}_{jk}\}-\Gamma^{i}_{jk}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(1)

Two kinds of covariant differentiation then arises: -differentiation based on (denoted by semicolon) and 3-differentiation based on (denoted by a slash). Ordinary partial derivatives are represented by a comma. Let and be the Riemann curvature tensors calculated from and, respectively. In the above approach the curvature tensor is zero, since is the flat space-time metric.

From (1) one finds that though {:} and are not tensors, but is a tensor having the same form as {:} except that the ordinary partial derivative is replaced by 3-covariant derivative. A straightforward calculation yields the Riemann curvature tensor

R^{h}_{ijk}=-\Delta^{h}_{ij/k}+\Delta^{h}_{ik/j}+\Delta^{h}_{mj}\Delta^{m}_{ik}-\Delta^{h}_{mk}\Delta^{m}_{ij}

Each term on right hand side is a tensor. It is seen that from GR one can go to new formulation just by replacing {:} by, ordinary differentiation by 3-covariant differentiation, by, integration measure by, where, and . It is necessary to point out that having once introduced into the theory, one has a great number of new tensors and scalars at one's disposal. One can set up other field equations other than Einstein's. It is possible that some of these will be more satisfactory for the description of nature.

The geodesic equation in bimetric relativity (BR) takes the form

\frac{d^2x}{ds^2}+\Gamma^{i}_{jk}\frac{dx^{j}}{ds}\frac{dx^{k}}{ds}+\Delta^{i}_{jk}\frac{dx^{j}}{ds}\frac{dx^{k}}{ds}=0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2)

It is seen from equation (1) and (2) that can be regarded as describing the inertial field because it vanishes by a suitable coordinate transformation.

The quantity, being a tensor, is independent of any coordinate system and hence may be regarded as describing the permanent gravitational field.

Rosen (1973) has found BR satisfying the covariance and equivalence principle. In 1966, Rosen showed that the introduction of the space metric into the framework of general relativity not only enables one to get the energy momentum density tensor of the gravitational field, but also enables one to obtain this tensor from a variational principle. The field equations of BR derived from the variational principle are

K^{i}_{j}= N^{i}_{j}-\frac{1}{2}\delta^{i}_{j}N = -8 \pi \kappa T^{i}_{j}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(3)

where

N^{i}_{j}=\frac{1}{2}\gamma^{\alpha \beta}(g^{hi} g_{hj /\alpha})/ \beta

or

N^{i}_{j}= \gamma^{\alpha \beta}\left\{(g^{hi}g_{hj, \alpha}),\beta - <br />(g^{hi}g_{mj}\Gamma^{m}_{h\alpha}),\beta\right\} -\gamma^{\alpha \beta}(\Gamma^{i}_{j\alpha}) ,
\beta+ \Gamma^{i}_{\lambda \beta}[g^{h\lambda}g_{hj},\alpha - g^{h\lambda}g_{mj}\Gamma^{m}_{h\alpha}
- \Gamma^{\lambda}_{j\alpha}]-\Gamma^{\lambda}_{j\beta}
+ \Gamma^{\lambda}_{\alpha \beta}
N= g^{ij}N_{ij}, \kappa=\sqrt{\frac{g}{\gamma}},

and is the energy-momentum tensor.

The variational principle also leads to the relation

T^{i}_{j;i}=0.

Hence from (3)

K^{i}_{j;i}=0,

which implies that in a BR, a test particle in a gravitational field moves on a geodesic with respect to

It is found that the theories BR and GR differ in the following cases:

  • propagation of electromagnetic waves
  • an external field of high density star
  • the behaviour of the intense gravitational waves propagation through strong static gravitational field.

Note that other bimetric gravitational theories exist.

Read more about this topic:  Bimetric Theory

Famous quotes containing the word explanation:

    “Herein is the explanation of the analogies, which exist in all the arts. They are the re-appearance of one mind, working in many materials to many temporary ends. Raphael paints wisdom, Handel sings it, Phidias carves it, Shakspeare writes it, Wren builds it, Columbus sails it, Luther preaches it, Washington arms it, Watt mechanizes it. Painting was called “silent poetry,” and poetry “speaking painting.” The laws of each art are convertible into the laws of every other.”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)

    “Young children constantly invent new explanations to account for complex processes. And since their inventions change from week to week, furnishing the “correct” explanation is not quite so important as conveying a willingness to discuss the subject. Become an “askable parent.””
    —Ruth Formanek (20th century)

    “There is a great deal of unmapped country within us which would have to be taken into account in an explanation of our gusts and storms.”
    —George Eliot [Mary Ann (or Marian)