Early Modern Period
The year 1634 is typically interpreted as marking the divide between the medieval and early modern administration of Bethlem. This is so as it marks the end of the day-to-day management of the hospital by an old-style keeper-physician and its replacement by a three-tiered medical regime composed of a non-resident physician, a visiting surgeon and an apothecary. These positions were elected by the Governors and, in a bid to prevent the type of profiteering at the expense of patients that had reached its apogee in Crooke's era, they were salaried with limited responsibility for the financial affairs of the hospital.
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