The Berlin School of experimental psychology was headed by Carl Stumpf (a pupil of Franz Brentano and Hermann Lotze), who became professor at the University of Berlin where he founded the Berlin laboratory of experimental psychology (in 1893).
Among his pupils were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Lewin.
Only after Köhler took over the direction of the psychology institute in 1922 the Berlin School effectively became a school for Gestalt Psychology.
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—Arlie Hochschild (20th century)
“Whenever a man acts purposively, he acts under a belief in some experimental phenomenon. Consequently, the sum of the experimental phenomena that a proposition implies makes up its entire bearing upon human conduct.”
—Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914)
“A large part of the popularity and persuasiveness of psychology comes from its being a sublimated spiritualism: a secular, ostensibly scientific way of affirming the primacy of “spirit” over matter.”
—Susan Sontag (b. 1933)