The Ringbahn (German for: Circular railway) is a 37.5 km (23.3 mi) long railway line of the Berlin S-Bahn around the city centre of Berlin in Germany. The line is made up of the S-Bahn ring and the freight ring. S-Bahn service on the line is carried out by the S 41 (clockwise) and S 42 (counter-clockwise) circle lines, with 400,000 passengers a day. Due to its distinctive shape, the line is colloquially called "Hundekopf" (dog's head).
The Ringbahn also constitutes the outer border of the "A" zone for the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg transport association's fare structure, and is the outer border of the road traffic control zone for particulate matter control established by January 1 2008.
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“The most passionate, consistent, extreme and implacable enemy of the Enlightenment and ... all forms of rationalism ... was Johann Georg Hamann. His influence, direct and indirect, upon the romantic revolt against universalism and scientific method ... was considerable and perhaps crucial.”
—Isaiah Berlin (b. 1909)