Upper Paleolithic
The hominin that became dominant in the Upper Paleolithic period was Homo sapiens. It includes a sequence of archeological cultures that are basically the same for all the Franco-Cantabrian region.
In this period the interior (Mediterranean basin) was seldom if ever inhabited, due to the limitations imposed by the cold climate.
Read more about this topic: Basque Prehistory
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“I am not afraid of the priests in the long-run. Scientific method is the white ant which will slowly but surely destroy their fortifications. And the importance of scientific method in modern practical life—always growing and increasing—is the guarantee for the gradual emancipation of the ignorant upper and lower classes, the former of whom especially are the strength of the priests.”
—Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95)