Author-date System
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, is a citation style in which partial citations— for example (Smith 2010, p. 1)—are enclosed within parentheses (round brackets) and embedded in the text, either within or after a sentence, as opposed to the footnote style. They are accompanied by a list of the full citations in alphabetical order in an end section, which is usually called "references," "reference list," "works cited" or "end-text citations."
There are two styles of parenthetical referencing:
- Author-date: primarily used in the sciences and social sciences, and recommended by the American Chemical Society and the American Psychological Association (APA);
- Author-title or author-page: primarily used in the arts and the humanities, and recommended by the Modern Language Association (MLA).
Read more about Author-date System: Origins and Use, Author-date, Author-title, Content Notes
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“Authority is the spiritual dimension of power because it depends upon faith in a system of meaning that decrees the necessity of the hierarchical order and so provides for the unity of imperative control.”
—Shoshana Zuboff (b. 1951)