Este Dukes of Modena
Ercole III d'Este, the last Este duke of Modena in the direct line, was deposed in 1796 by the French as his Italian principality was incorporated into the Cisalpine Republic, later the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. However in 1814, when the French rule was abolished in Italy, Modena was to be returned to his daughter Mary Beatrice d'Este and her son Archduke Francis of Austria-Este after Duke Ercole's death. Duke Ercole was compensated with the principality of Breisgau, located in southern Germany: the Habsburgs ceded this province to him, in anticipation of its falling eventually to the Habsburg family again, since Ercole's sole daughter was married to a cadet Habsburg, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este. Duke Ercole died in 1803 and Breisgau was indeed inherited by his daughter and her husband, but they soon (1805) lost it to the expanding Grand Duchy of Baden.
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