Asians - Asian DNA

Asian DNA

See also: Mongoloid race#Genetic research

Rebecca Oakley and Chris Tyler-Smith of the Department of Biochemistry at Oxford University said that 90% of the Y chromosomes of "Asian" (including "Orientals") and European men in their sample (38/42) descend from one of two males. The Y chromosome type of Group 1 was only found in Caucasian or part Caucasian men, and the Y chromosome type of Group 2 was found in Caucasian and completely non-Caucasian men. The Y chromosome type of Group 2 was characterized by a large alphoid block containing the additional sites for A&I, EcoO1091, and HindIII, linked to a small poxY1 BgZII fragment.

Scott W. Ballinger et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at Emory University said "Asian mtDNA lineages" originated in Southern China with the "Southern Mongoloid".

Hiroki Oota et al. (Japanese:太田博樹) of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany, said "Asian populations" have high mtDNA variation with Vietnamese having the highest mtDNA diversity, but, overall, the genetic distance between "Asian populations" is small.

Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, said that early Asians did not mix with "Asian Homo and that the features of "ancient Asian forms" indicate that "Asian erectus" was not ancestral to "Homo sapiens". Since modern-day "Asians" do not show the amount of mtDNA divergence expected had they mixed with Homo erectus, Cann believes the expanding Homo sapiens from Africa replaced the Asian Homo erectus.

Douglas C. Wallace of the Department of Biochemistry at Emory University said the mtDNA of the indigenous peoples of the Americas is "clearly Asian in character", but the few founding females carried "rare Asian mtDNAs", causing a different frequency of mtDNA and a "dramatic founder effect".

Shama Barnabas, B. Joshi and C.G. Suresh of the Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India, said evidence for the original people of India who they refer to as the "proto-Asiatic element" spreading into Southeast Asia to become Southeast Asians is shown by the mtDNA affinities between Indians and East Asians and Southeast Asians in DdeI 10394 site along with the associated Asian-specific AluI 10397 site.

Nucleotide Diversities of Five Asian Populations and Genetic Distances among The Five Populations by Shinji Harihara et al. (Japanese: 針原伸二) of the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Tokyo
	Japanese	Korean	Ainu	Aeta	Vedda
Japanese	0.00086 ± 0.00019
Korean	0.000000 ± 0.000127	0.00065 ± 0.00017
Ainu	0.000006 ± 0.000122	0.000004 ± 0.000114	0.00041 ± 0.00015
Aeta	0.000029 ± 0.000157	0.000151 ± 0.000100	0.000145 ± 0.000096	0.00050 ± 0.00022
Vedda	0.000091 ± 0.000214	0.000100 ± 0.000213	0.000096 ± 0.000210	0.000111 ± 0.000232	0.00110 ± 0.00031
Harihara et al. said that the Aeta's close genetic distance to "Mongoloid populations" (Japanese, Korean and Ainu) is consistent with previous studies. Harihara et al. said the Vedda's large genetic distance from the other four populations may be due to genetic isolation, however Harihara et al. said their present-day mixture Tamils and Sinhalese makes their true phylogeny unclear.

Genetic diversity within/between continental populations by Hiroki Oota et al. (Japanese:太田博樹) of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany
	Number of Populations	Within Populations average mean pairwise differences	Between population average Fst
Africa	15	7.99 ± 2.72	0.201
Europe	12	4.63 ± 0.94	0.066
Asia	12	7.12 ± 0.91	0.033
Eurasia	27	5.95 ± 1.51	0.086

mtDNA divergence within and between 5 human populations by Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley
	% sequence divergence
Population	1	2	3	4	5
1. African	0.47	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.06
2. Asian	0.45	0.35	0.01	0.02	0.04
3. Australian	0.40	0.31	0.25	0.03	0.04
4. Caucasian	0.40	0.31	0.27	0.23	0.05
5. New Guinean	0.42	0.34	0.29	0.29	0.25
The divergence is calculated by a way developed by Masatoshi Nei. Values of the mean pairwise divergence between individuals within populations (δx) appear on the diagonal. values below the diagonal (δxy) are the mean pairwise divergences between individuals belonging to two different populations, X and Y. Values above the diagonal (δ) are interpopulation divergences, corrected for variation within those populations with the equation δ = δxy - 0.5(δx + δy)

Ancestors, lineages and extents of divergence in the geneaological tree for 134 types of human mtDNA by Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley
		Number of descendant lineages or clusters specific to a region
Ancestor	Total	Africa	Asia	Australia	Europe	New Guinea	% divergence	age*
a	7	1	0	0	0	0	0.57	143-285
b	2	0	1	0	0	0	0.45	112-225
c	20	0	7	3	1	3	0.43	108-215
d	2	0	0	1	1	0	0.39	98-195
e	14	2	2	4	2	0	0.34	85-170
f	19	1	7	4	4	1	0.30	75-150
g	10	2	3	2	2	1	0.28	70-140
h	30	2	4	0	15	1	0.27	68-135
i	8	1	0	0	6	0	0.26	65-130
j	22	1	3	1	5	1	0.25	65-125
All	134	10	27	15	36	7	-	-
*Assuming that the mtDNA divergence rate is 2-4% per million years

A study by the The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium in 2009 found that East Asian and South-East Asian populations clustered together, and suggested a common origin for these populations. At the same time they observed a broad discontinuity between this cluster and South Asia, commenting "most of the Indian populations showed evidence of shared ancestry with European populations". It was noted that "genetic ancestry is strongly correlated with linguistic affiliations as well as geography".