Artemisinin - History

History

Artemisia annua has been used by Chinese herbalists for more than two thousand years in the treatment of many illnesses, such as skin diseases and malaria. The earliest record dates back to 200 BC, in the "Fifty-two Prescriptions" unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Dynasty tombs. Its antimalarial application was first described, in Zhouhou Beiji Fang ("The Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies", Chinese: 肘后备急方), edited in the middle of the fourth century by Ge Hong. In that book, 43 malaria treatment methods were recorded.

In the 1960s, a research program, under the name Project 523, was set up by the Chinese army to find an adequate treatment for malaria. In 1972, in the course of this research, Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin in the leaves of Artemisia annua (annual wormwood). The drug is named Qinghaosu (Chinese: 青蒿素) in Chinese. It was one of many candidates then tested by Chinese scientists from a list of nearly 5000 traditional Chinese medicines for treating malaria. It was not only the only one that was effective, but it was found to clear malaria parasites from patients' bodies faster than any other drug in history. Artemisia annua is a common herb and has been found in many parts of the world, including along the Potomac River, in Washington, D.C. Images of the original scientific papers are available online and a book, Zhang Jianfang, "Late Report – Record of Project 523 and the Research and Development of Qinghaosu", Yangcheng Evening News Publisher 2007(張劍方. 遲到的報告五二三項目與青蒿素研發紀實. 羊城晚報出版社, 2007), was published in 2006, which records the history of the discovery.

It remained largely unknown to the rest of the world for about seven years, until results were published in the Chinese Medical Journal in 1979. The report was met with skepticism at first, partly because the chemical structure of artemisinin, particularly the peroxide, appeared to be too unstable to be a viable drug.

For many years after the discovery, access to the purified drug and the plant from which it was extracted were restricted by the Chinese government. It was not until the late 1970s and early 80s that news of the discovery reached scientists outside China. The World Health Organisation (WHO) tried unsuccessfully to contact Chinese scientists and officials to find out more. Ying Lee, one of the scientists involved in the research into artemisinin, said the Chinese distrusted the West. The Chinese suspected the West just wanted to exploit the drug and sell it around the world slightly altered and repatented. The fact that there were several Americans on the WHO's steering board on malaria and that some were from the military did not help clear the distrust. It can be noted Americans had just invested a great deal of money into mefloquine, an analogue of quinine.

In 2006, after artemisinin had become the treatment of choice for malaria, the WHO called for an immediate halt to single-drug artemisinin preparations in favor of combinations of artemisinin with another malaria drug, to reduce the risk of parasites developing resistance.

In 2011, Tu was awarded the prestigious Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award for her discovery. The discovery of artemisinin is reportedly being considered for a Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Project 523 developed, in addition to artemisinin, a number of products that are used in combination with artemisinin, including lumefantrine, piperaquine, and pyronaridine.