Arnold of Brescia (ca. 1090–1155), also known as Arnaldus (Italian: Arnaldo da Brescia), was an Italian canon regular from Lombardy. He called on the Church to renounce property ownership and participated in the failed Commune of Rome.
Eventually arrested, he was hanged by the papacy, burned posthumously, and then had his ashes thrown into the Tiber River. Though as a religious reformer and a political leader Arnold failed, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency after his death among "Arnoldists" and more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. Protestants rank him among the precursors of the Reformation.
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“Culture, then, is a study of perfection, and perfection which insists on becoming something rather than in having something, in an inward condition of the mind and spirit, not in an outward set of circumstances.”
—Matthew Arnold (1822–1888)