Gulag
Remarkably, Ulanovsky survived the Great Purge. In 1948, his wife Nadezhda was arrested. To no avail, he wrote Stalin a letter recalling their days in Tsarist exile, with assurances that his wife was a loyal Soviet citizen. He was arrested in 1949 as a former anarchist and sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag. They were both released under Nikita Khrushchev. In the 1960s they were close to dissident circles in Moscow. Ulanovsky died in 1970 and his wife – in Israel in 1983.
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