Lack of Confederacy Led To Debacle
It is obvious that although individually the former Kamboja constituents had offered stubborn resistance, they failed to create a united front against Alexander. It seems that the ancient custom of forming leagues or confederacies amongst the Kambojas had temporarily been abandoned after the disintegeration of the Kamboja and Gandhara Mahajanapadas following the Achaemenid occupations of Cyrus and Darius. Alexander's companions do not record the names of Kamboja and Gandhara and rather locate numerous small political units in their territories. No doubt Alexander easily conquered these isolated political units, most of which were Ganas or Samghas (republics) of free people. Each constituent did offer resistance, but disunity and dissension meant that one by one, all the units fell to a better organised and unified enemy with superior numbers.
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