Alexander's Campaign Against The Kambojas
At Nikaia, near modern Jalalabad, Alexander divided his army into two parts, one under Hephaistion and Perdiccas was ordered to proceed through Kabul to Gandhara. Alexander personally took command of the second part, which included a select force of shield-bearing guards, foot-companions, archers, Agrianians and mounted javelin-men, marching against the Kamboja clans — the Aspasioi of the Kunar/Alishang valleys, the Guraeans of the Guraeus (Panjkora) valley and the Assakenoi of the Swat and Buner valleys. These highlanders, designated as "parvatiya Ayudhajivinah" in Pāṇini's Astadhyayi, were rebellious, fiercely independent clans who resisted subjugation by anyone. "It was indeed a hard work for Alexander to take their strongholds, of which Massaga and Aornus need special mention". "And it is also a tribute to the vision and sagacity of Alexander that he realised that without reducing these highlanders, his march into India would neither be secure nor effective".
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