Alderson may refer to:
In places:
- Alderson, Oklahoma, a US town
- Alderson, West Virginia, a US town
- Alderson Federal Prison Camp
- Alderson, Alberta, a ghost town in Canada
People with the surname Alderson:
- Brian Alderson, Scottish footballer
- Dan Alderson, American scientist and participant in science fiction fandom
- Edwin Alderson, British general during Boer Wars and World War I
- Frederic Alderson, English rugby union international captain
- Kristen Alderson, American actress appearing on daytime soap opera One Life To Live
- Samuel W. Alderson, inventor of the crash-test dummy
- Sandy Alderson, an American baseball executive