Afranius (or feminine Afrania) was the name of several people in ancient Rome:
- Lucius Afranius (poet), a Roman comic poet
- Lucius Afranius (consul), consul in 60 BC
- Gaia Afrania, female jurist of the 1st century BC who was the initial subject of a ban on women arguing cases; possibly sister of the preceding
- Sextus Afranius Burrus, tutor and advisor of the emperor Nero
- Publius Afranius Potitus, executed by Caligula
- Flavius Afranius Syagrius, (b. ca 345) Roman consul
- Afrania gens, the family to which these people probably belonged (not everyone with the name "Afranius" was actually part of this gens)
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