Adjuvilo - Grammar

Grammar

• The definite article is in the singular la and in the plural las.
• All nouns end in the singular in -o and in the plural in -s. Example: la lando (the land) and las landos (the lands). Like Ido and Esperanto, Adjuvilo has no indefinite article
• Adjuvilo does not have grammatical genders. Nouns for females are all derived from the masculine form by using the affix -in. Example: filio (son) and filiino (daughter).
• The genitive and the indirect object cases are expressed by prepositions. Example: Me donin la libro de la patro a mea filio (I gave my father's book to my son).
• The adjective ends on -a, and also receives -s in the plural. It is placed before the noun. Example: un bona viro (a good man), belas juvenilos (beautiful girls), granda monto (a big mountain).

The comparative grade is formed by plu (more) and men (less). Example: El estan plu bela quam il. (She is more beautiful than he).

The superlative grade is formed by la pley (most). Example: Adjuvilo estan la pley facila linguo ex omnas linguos. (Adjuvilo is the easiest language of all languages).

• The adverb is formed from the adjective form by replacing the ending -a by -e. Adverbs are not changed in the plural. Example: Elas kantan bone. (They sing well).
• The personal pronouns are

Singular me (I), tu (you), il (he), el (she), it (it), lo (third person gender not defined)

Plural nos (we), vos (you), ilos (they, masculine), elos (they, female), itos (they, neuter), los (they, unspecified gender)

Additional personal pronouns: on (one, impersonal form), su (reflexive form)

• The possessive pronouns are formed by adding the adjective ending -a and in the plural the -s to the personal pronouns: mea (my), tua (your), ila (his), nosas (our), ilosas (their, masculine). The reflexive possessive pronoun sua (his/her/its) in the singular and suas in the plural is only used for the third person and can be only used when it refers to the subject of the sentence.
• Verbs are not conjugated according to singular/plural or person.

The infinitive ending is -i like in Esperanto: diri (to say), lerni (to learn).

The present tense is formed by replacing the infinitive ending by -an. Example: Me kantan (I sing), tu kantan (you sing).

The past tense is formed by -in. Example: Me vidin (I saw).

The future tense is formed by -on. Example: Me vidon (I will see).

The conjunctive is formed by adding -un. Example: Me vidun (I would see).

The imperative is formed by adding -en. Example: Lekten la libro! (Read the book!)

The active participles are formed with the suffix -ant for the present tense, -int for the past tense and -ont for the future tense. Example: La ridanta homo (The laughing man).

The passive participles are formed with the suffix -at for the present tense, -it for the past tense and -ot for the future tense.

The passive voice is formed with the forms of the auxiliary verb esti (to be). Example: La libro estin skriptita de Shakespeare (The book was written by Shakespeare).

• Tag questions are formed with the particle num. Num il parolan Adjuvilo? (Does he speak Advujilo?).
• The most important interrogative pronouns are qua (who), quo (what), quale (how), quare (why).
• The demonstrative pronouns are cia (this) and tia (that). Like other pronouns they also have plural forms. Cias floros estan bela ma tias arboros estan plu grandas (These flowers are beautiful but that trees are bigger.)
• The cardinal numbers are: 1=un, 2=du, 3=tri, 4=quar, 5=quin, 6=sis, 7=sep, 8=ok, 9=nov, 10=dek. The ordinal numbers are formed with the suffix -esma: unesma, duesma, triesma.