Actor Model Later History - Open Systems

Open Systems

Carl Hewitt pointed out that openness was becoming a fundamental challenge in software system development. Open distributed systems are required to meet the following challenges:

Monotonicity
Once something is published in an open distributed system, it cannot be taken back.
Pluralism
Different subsystems of an open distributed system include heterogeneous, overlapping and possibly conflicting information. There is no central arbiter of truth in open distributed systems.
Unbounded nondeterminism
Asynchronously, different subsystems can come up and go down and communication links can come in and go out between subsystems of an open distributed system. Therefore the time that it will take to complete an operation cannot be bounded in advance (see unbounded nondeterminism).
Inconsistency
Large distributed systems are inevitably inconsistent concerning their information about the information system interactions of their human users

Carl Hewitt and Jeff Inman worked to develop semantics for Open Systems to address issues that had arisen in Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Carl Hewitt and Carl Manning reported on the development of Participatory Semantics for Open Systems.

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