Notable Academies
In discussing the shuyuan, it is common to speak of the "Four Great Academies" (四大书院 sì-dà shū-yuàn) of ancient China. Usually the "Four Great Academies" refers to the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song. However, sources give a number of different lists, sometimes expanded to Six or Eight Great Academies. Only one academy, the Yuelu Academy, appears in all lists. Each school went up or down the list in different periods. White Deer Grotto Academy had long been an important academy. As for the impact on the politics of China, Donglin Academy in the Ming Dynasty is especially notable.
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