The table shows the abundance of elements in Earth's crust. Numbers show percentage or parts per million (ppm) in mass; 10,000 ppm = 1%.
Note that numbers are estimates, and they will vary depending on source and method of estimation. Order of magnitude of data can roughly be relied upon.
Z | Element | Symbol | Lithosphere abundance | Relative proportion (ppm) | Crustal abundance (ppm) | Crustal abundance (ppm) | Crustal abundance (ppm) | Production (2011, tonnes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | oxygen | O | 460,000 | 474,000 | 460,000 | 467,100 | 461,000 | |
14 | silicon | Si | 277,200 | 277,100 | 270,000 | 276,900 | 282,000 | 8,000,000 |
13 | aluminium | Al | 81,300 | 82,000 | 82,000 | 80,700 | 82,300 | 44,400,000 |
26 | iron | Fe | 50,000 | 41,000 | 63,000 | 50,500 | 56,300 | 2,600,000,000 |
20 | calcium | Ca | 36,300 | 41,000 | 50,000 | 36,500 | 41,500 | |
11 | sodium | Na | 28,300 | 23,000 | 23,000 | 27,500 | 23,600 | 290,000,000 |
19 | potassium | K | 25,900 | 21,000 | 15,000 | 25,800 | 20,900 | |
12 | magnesium | Mg | 20,900 | 23,000 | 29,000 | 20,800 | 23,300 | 780,000 |
22 | titanium | Ti | 4,400 | 5,600 | 6,600 | 6,200 | 5,600 | 6,700,000 |
1 | hydrogen | H | 1,400 | 1,500 | 1,400 | 1,400 | ||
15 | phosphorus | P | 1,200 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,300 | 1,050 | |
25 | manganese | Mn | 1,000 | 950 | 1,100 | 900 | 950 | 14,000,000 |
9 | fluorine | F | 800 | 950 | 540 | 290 | 585 | |
56 | barium | Ba | 500 | 340 | 500 | 425 | ||
6 | carbon | C | 300 | 480 | 1,800 | 940 | 200 | |
38 | strontium | Sr | 370 | 360 | 370 | 380,000 | ||
16 | sulfur | S | 500 | 260 | 420 | 520 | 350 | 69,000,000 |
40 | zirconium | Zr | 190 | 130 | 250 | 165 | 1,410,000 | |
74 | tungsten | W | 160.6 | 1.1 | 1.25 | 72,000 | ||
23 | vanadium | V | 100 | 160 | 190 | 120 | 60,000 | |
17 | chlorine | Cl | 500 | 130 | 170 | 450 | 145 | 290,000,000 |
24 | chromium | Cr | 100 | 100 | 140 | 350 | 102 | 24,000,000 |
37 | rubidium | Rb | 300 | 90 | 60 | 90 | ||
28 | nickel | Ni | 80 | 90 | 190 | 84 | 1,800,000 | |
30 | zinc | Zn | 75 | 79 | 70 | 12,400,000 | ||
29 | copper | Cu | 100 | 50 | 68 | 60 | 16,100,000 | |
58 | cerium | Ce | 68 | 60 | 66.5 | |||
60 | neodymium | Nd | 38 | 33 | 41.5 | |||
57 | lanthanum | La | 32 | 34 | 39 | |||
39 | yttrium | Y | 30 | 29 | 33 | 8,900 | ||
7 | nitrogen | N | 50 | 25 | 20 | 19 | 136,000,000 | |
27 | cobalt | Co | 20 | 30 | 25 | 98,000 | ||
3 | lithium | Li | 20 | 17 | 20 | 34,000 | ||
41 | niobium | Nb | 20 | 17 | 20 | 63,000 | ||
31 | gallium | Ga | 18 | 19 | 19 | |||
21 | scandium | Sc | 16 | 26 | 22 | |||
82 | lead | Pb | 14 | 10 | 14 | 4,500,000 | ||
62 | samarium | Sm | 7.9 | 6 | 7.05 | |||
90 | thorium | Th | 12 | 6 | 9.6 | |||
59 | praseodymium | Pr | 9.5 | 8.7 | 9.2 | |||
5 | boron | B | 950 | 8.7 | 10 | 4,300,000 | ||
64 | gadolinium | Gd | 7.7 | 5.2 | 6.2 | |||
66 | dysprosium | Dy | 6 | 6.2 | 5.2 | |||
72 | hafnium | Hf | 5.3 | 3.3 | 3.0 | |||
68 | erbium | Er | 3.8 | 3.0 | 3.5 | |||
70 | ytterbium | Yb | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.2 | |||
55 | caesium | Cs | 3 | 1.9 | 3 | |||
4 | beryllium | Be | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 240 | ||
50 | tin | Sn | 0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 253,000 | |
63 | europium | Eu | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.0 | |||
92 | uranium | U | 0 | 1.8 | 2.7 | |||
73 | tantalum | Ta | 2 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 790 | ||
32 | germanium | Ge | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 118 | ||
42 | molybdenum | Mo | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 250,000 | ||
33 | arsenic | As | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 52,000 | ||
67 | holmium | Ho | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | |||
65 | terbium | Tb | 1.1 | 0.94 | 1.2 | |||
69 | thulium | Tm | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.52 | |||
35 | bromine | Br | 0.37 | 3 | 2.4 | 460,000 | ||
81 | thallium | Tl | 0.6 | 0.530 | 0.850 | 10 | ||
71 | lutetium | Lu | 0.5 | |||||
51 | antimony | Sb | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 169,000 | ||
53 | iodine | I | 0.14 | 0.490 | 0.450 | 29,000 | ||
48 | cadmium | Cd | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 21,500 | ||
47 | silver | Ag | 0.070 | 0.080 | 0.075 | 23,800 | ||
80 | mercury | Hg | 0.05 | 0.067 | 0.085 | 1,930 | ||
34 | selenium | Se | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 2,000 | ||
49 | indium | In | 0.049 | 0.160 | 0.250 | 640 | ||
83 | bismuth | Bi | 0.048 | 0.025 | 0.0085 | 8,500 | ||
52 | tellurium | Te | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
78 | platinum | Pt | 0.003 | 0.0037 | 0.005 | 192 | ||
79 | gold | Au | 0.0011 | 0.0031 | 0.004 | 2,700 | ||
44 | ruthenium | Ru | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
46 | palladium | Pd | 0.0006 | 0.0063 | 0.015 | 207 | ||
75 | rhenium | Re | 0.0004 | 0.0026 | 0.0007 | 49 | ||
77 | iridium | Ir | 0.0003 | 0.0004 | 0.001 | |||
45 | rhodium | Rh | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.001 | |||
76 | osmium | Os | 0.0001 | 0.0018 | 0.0015 |
Famous quotes containing the words abundance of, abundance, elements, earth and/or crust:
“...out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks.”
—Bible: New Testament, Matthew 12:34.
“What you desire when young, you have in abundance when old.”
—Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe (17491832)
“Nature confounds her summer distinctions at this season. The heavens seem to be nearer the earth. The elements are less reserved and distinct. Water turns to ice, rain to snow. The day is but a Scandinavian night. The winter is an arctic summer.”
—Henry David Thoreau (18171862)
“But countless plagues wander among men; for earth is full of evils, and the sea is full.”
—Hesiod (c. 8th century B.C.)
“We shall be reduced to gnaw the very crust of the earth for nutriment.”
—Henry David Thoreau (18171862)