Abelson, originating from both Swedish and Yiddish, and derived from the name Abel, is the surname of:
- Alan Abelson (born 1925), American journalist
- Hal Abelson, American computer scientist
- Jeremy Abelson, American Entrepreneur
- John Abelson (born 1939), American biochemist
- Neva Abelson (1910–2000), American physician
- Matthew Abelson, American musician
- Philip Abelson (1913–2004), American nuclear physicist
- Robert P. Abelson (1928–2005), American political scientist
- Rick Abelson (born 1960), American urban planner
- Peter Abelsson (born 1977), Swedish football (soccer) player