Aaronson is a Jewish patronymic surname, meaning "son of Aaron". It is unknown as a given name. Aaronson or its variants may refer to:
- Irving Aaronson (1895–1963), American jazz pianist
- Kenny Aaronson (born 1952), American bass guitar player
- Marc Aaronson (1950–1987), American astronomer
- Ruth Aaronson Bari (1917–2005), American mathematician
- Scott Aaronson (born 1981), American computer scientist
- Aaronsohn
- Aaron Aaronsohn (1876–1919), Romanian-born Palestinian Jewish agronomist, botanist, traveler, entrepreneur, and Zionist politician
- Alexander Aaronsohn (1888–1948), author and activist who wrote about the plight of people living in Palestine (now Israel)
- Sarah Aaronsohn (1890–1917), Jewish spy working for the British in World War I, sister of Aaron Aaronsohn